Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is a common arc welding process that involves the formation of an arc between a continuously fed electrode and the workpiece. A blanket of powdered flux generates a protective gas shield and a slag (and may also be used to add alloying elements to the weld pool) which protects the weld zone. This process is called "submerged" arc welding because the arc is not visible, as it is submerged under the flux blanket.

Here are some key features and components of the SAW process:

1. Electrode: The electrode is a continuously fed consumable wire, which can be solid or cored. It is chosen based on the material being welded and the desired properties of the weld.

2. Flux: The flux is a granular fusible material that covers the weld area. It prevents contamination by atmospheric gases and impurities, and it stabilizes the arc. The flux also helps to shape the weld bead and can add alloying elements to the weld.

3. Power Source: SAW typically uses a constant voltage power supply, but constant current systems can also be used depending on the application.

4. Automation: SAW is often automated or semi-automated, which allows for high deposition rates and consistent weld quality. It is particularly well-suited for long, straight seams or circumferential welds.

5. Applications: SAW is used for welding a variety of materials, including carbon steel, low-alloy steel, stainless steel, and some nickel-based alloys. It is commonly used in the construction of pressure vessels, shipbuilding, and for large structural components.

6. Advantages: The main advantages of SAW include high deposition rates, deep weld penetration, high-quality welds, and the ability to weld thick materials. The process is also efficient and can be easily automated.

7. Limitations: SAW is generally limited to flat or horizontal positions due to the fluidity of the weld pool and the granular flux. It is also less suitable for thin materials and can be less portable than other welding processes.

SAW is a highly productive welding method and is widely used in industries where long, continuous welds are required. The process parameters, such as welding current, voltage, travel speed, and electrode stick-out, must be carefully controlled to ensure a high-quality weld.